Around two in three men notice some hair loss by their mid-30s, most often from male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia). The treatments that work best slow the loss and regrow some hair, but they all need patience and consistency. This guide compares the options so you can choose what fits you.

First, confirm the cause

Male pattern baldness follows a typical pattern: a receding hairline at the temples, thinning at the crown, or both, developing over years. See a doctor first if your hair loss is sudden, patchy, comes out in clumps, or comes with an itchy, scaly or sore scalp. Thyroid problems, low iron, stress and some medicines can also cause shedding.

Treatments compared

Minoxidil: the first step most men try

Minoxidil is available without a prescription. For men, the 5% strength works better than 2%. Apply it to a dry scalp twice a day for the solution, or once a day for the foam. Expect some extra shedding in the first weeks, which usually means it’s working. If you stop, the regrown hair falls out over a few months. Read more in Rogaine 2% vs 5% and minoxidil side effects.

Finasteride: talk to a doctor

Finasteride lowers DHT, the hormone that shrinks hair follicles in male pattern baldness. It needs a prescription because it isn’t right for everyone: a small number of men get lower libido or erection problems, and mood changes have been reported. A doctor can explain the risks and benefits for you. Women who are or may become pregnant must not handle broken tablets.

Supporting habits

• Use a gentle shampoo that suits your scalp. Strengthening shampoos such as Himalaya Bhringaraja can reduce breakage, but they won’t stop pattern baldness.
• Treat dandruff, which can make the scalp itchy and inflamed
• Avoid tight hairstyles and harsh heat styling
• Eat enough protein, iron and zinc; ask your doctor to check your levels if you’re worried
• Take photos in the same light every month so you can judge progress honestly

Frequently asked questions

Can male pattern baldness be cured?

No, but it can be slowed and partly reversed. The earlier you start, the more hair you keep.

How long should I try a treatment before giving up?

At least 6 months for minoxidil, and up to 12 months for finasteride.

Is it too late to start?

Treatments work best on thinning hair, not on areas that have been bald for years. For those areas, a hair transplant is the main option.

Related: Hair loss in women

More in our Hair Loss guide: all our articles and products on this topic in one place.

This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for advice from a doctor or pharmacist.

Your liver does hundreds of jobs, from processing nutrients and medicines to clearing alcohol and making proteins your blood needs. The good news is that it’s remarkably good at repairing itself. The best way to support it is with everyday habits, not “detox” products.

The biggest risks to your liver

• Fatty liver disease, now called MASLD, linked to excess weight, type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol. It affects around 1 in 4 adults worldwide and often causes no symptoms.
• Alcohol, which can cause fatty liver, inflammation and eventually scarring (cirrhosis)
• Viral hepatitis B and C, spread through blood and, for hepatitis B, sex and childbirth
• Medicine and supplement overdose, especially acetaminophen (paracetamol)

What actually helps

1. Keep alcohol low

If you drink, US guidance is no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 for women, with several alcohol-free days a week. Less is better for your liver.

2. Reach and keep a healthy weight

Losing 5 to 10% of body weight can reduce liver fat significantly in people with fatty liver. See how to lose weight safely.

3. Move more

Regular activity reduces liver fat even before you lose weight. Aim for 150 minutes a week of brisk walking or similar.

4. Eat for your liver

• Plenty of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, beans and fish
• Fewer sugary drinks and sweets, as fructose is turned into fat in the liver
• Fewer ultra-processed and fried foods

5. Coffee may help

Large studies link regular coffee drinking to a lower risk of liver scarring and liver cancer. If you already drink coffee, 2 to 3 cups a day without lots of sugar seems fine for most people.

6. Use medicines carefully

• Never take more acetaminophen (paracetamol) than the label says. Check cold and flu products, which often contain it too.
• Avoid acetaminophen and alcohol together.
• Tell your doctor about every supplement you take.

7. Protect yourself from hepatitis

Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, use condoms, never share needles, razors or toothbrushes, and get tested for hepatitis C if you’ve ever been at risk.

Do liver supplements and detoxes work?

“Liver detox” products: your liver detoxifies on its own, and there’s no good evidence that detox teas or cleanses help. Some can harm.

Milk thistle (silymarin): widely used and generally safe, but studies haven’t shown clear benefit for liver disease.

Ayurvedic formulas such as Himalaya Liv.52 are traditionally used to support liver function and appetite. They can be part of a healthy routine, but they don’t replace the habits above or medical treatment.

Be careful with some herbal products: a few supplements have been linked to rare liver injury, including high-dose green tea extract, garcinia, kava and, rarely, ashwagandha. Buy from reputable brands, don’t exceed the dose, and stop if you notice the warning signs below.

Warning signs: see a doctor

• Yellow skin or whites of the eyes (jaundice)
• Dark urine or pale stools
• Itchy skin without a rash
• Pain or swelling in the upper right tummy, or a swollen belly or legs
• Unusual tiredness, easy bruising or confusion

A simple blood test (liver function tests) can check how your liver is working. Ask your doctor if you have diabetes, excess weight, drink regularly or have hepatitis risk factors.

Frequently asked questions

Can the liver repair itself?

Yes. The liver can regenerate, and early fatty liver often reverses with weight loss, exercise and less alcohol. Advanced scarring (cirrhosis) is harder to reverse, so early action matters.

What are the first signs of liver problems?

Often there are none. That’s why blood tests matter if you have risk factors. Later signs include tiredness, jaundice, dark urine and itching.

Which drinks are good for the liver?

Water and coffee, in moderation. Cut back on sugary drinks and alcohol.

More in our Digestive Health guide: all our articles and products on this topic in one place.

This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for advice from a doctor or pharmacist. Supplements are not evaluated by the FDA to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Almost everyone gets bloated sometimes: that tight, full, swollen feeling in your stomach, often with wind or rumbling. Most bloating is harmless and comes from what and how you eat. Here’s what causes it, what helps quickly, and when it’s worth getting checked.

Common causes

• Swallowed air from eating fast, talking while eating, chewing gum, drinking through a straw or fizzy drinks
• Gas-producing foods such as beans, lentils, onions, garlic, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and some fruits
• Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and xylitol in “sugar-free” sweets and gum
• Lactose intolerance: bloating and wind after milk or ice cream
• Constipation, which slows everything down and traps gas
• Large or fatty meals, which empty from the stomach more slowly
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where the gut is extra sensitive to normal amounts of gas
• Hormones: many women bloat before their period

Quick relief right now

• Walk for 10 to 15 minutes. Gentle movement helps gas move through the gut.
• Try a warm drink such as peppermint, ginger or fennel tea.
• Massage your tummy gently in clockwise circles, following the path of the large bowel.
• Loosen tight clothing and avoid lying flat straight after eating.

Natural remedies with some evidence

• Peppermint oil capsules (enteric-coated) relax the gut muscles and have good evidence for IBS-related bloating and pain. Avoid them if you have heartburn, as they can make it worse.
• Ginger may help the stomach empty faster and ease nausea.
• Fennel, cumin and ajwain are traditional after-meal digestives in India. Evidence is limited, but they’re safe in food amounts. Jaljeera-style drinks such as Himalaya Gasex Fizz use this tradition.
• Probiotics help some people, especially with IBS, but results vary by strain. Try one for 4 weeks and stop if there’s no change. See probiotics after antibiotics.

Over-the-counter options

• Simethicone breaks up gas bubbles and can ease trapped wind.
• Lactase tablets taken with dairy help if lactose is the trigger.
• Fibre supplements such as psyllium husk help if constipation is behind your bloating. Start low and increase slowly, because adding fibre too fast can cause more bloating at first.

Habits that prevent it

• Eat slowly and chew well
• Have smaller, more regular meals
• Cut back on fizzy drinks, gum and sugar-free sweets
• Keep a food diary for 2 weeks to spot your triggers
• Drink enough water and stay active to keep bowels regular. See constipation relief.
• If you suspect IBS, ask a doctor or dietitian about a low-FODMAP diet, which cuts out common trigger foods for a few weeks

When to see a doctor

See a doctor if bloating:

• Happens most days for 3 weeks or more, especially in women over 50, as persistent bloating can be an early sign of ovarian cancer
• Comes with unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite or feeling full quickly
• Comes with blood in your stool, black stools, vomiting or a fever
• Comes with a lasting change in your bowel habits
• Is severe or painful, or your tummy is hard and swollen

Frequently asked questions

How long does bloating last?

Food-related bloating usually settles within a few hours, once gas moves through the gut.

What is the fastest way to get rid of bloating?

A short walk, a warm peppermint or ginger tea, and gentle clockwise tummy massage often help within an hour.

Why do I bloat every day?

Daily bloating is often linked to diet, constipation or IBS, but it can also have other causes. If it lasts more than 3 weeks, see a doctor.

More in our Digestive Health guide: all our articles and products on this topic in one place.

This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for advice from a doctor or pharmacist.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is one of the most important herbs in Ayurveda, where it has been used for centuries as a “rasayana”, a tonic for strength and resilience. It’s now one of the best-selling supplements in the US. Here’s what the evidence shows, and how to use it safely.

What people use it for

• Everyday stress and feeling “wired but tired”
• Sleep quality
• Energy, stamina and recovery from exercise

What studies show

• Stress and anxiety: several small clinical trials found that people taking ashwagandha root extract for 6 to 8 weeks reported lower stress scores and lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol than people taking a placebo.
• Sleep: some studies suggest modest improvements in how quickly people fall asleep and how well they sleep.
• Exercise: a few studies in active adults found small gains in strength and endurance.

Most studies were small and short, often lasting 8 to 12 weeks, so the results are promising but not conclusive. Ashwagandha isn’t a treatment for anxiety disorders, depression or insomnia. If those affect your daily life, talk to a doctor.

How to take it

• Studies typically used 250 to 600 mg of root extract a day. Follow the directions on your product.
• Take it with food to reduce stomach upset. Many people take it in the evening.
• Give it 4 to 8 weeks before judging the effect.
• Buy from a reputable brand, such as Himalaya Ashvagandha.

Side effects

• Common: upset stomach, diarrhoea, nausea and drowsiness
• Rare but serious: liver injury. Stop taking it and see a doctor straight away if you notice yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, pale stools, itching or pain in the upper right tummy.

Who should avoid it

• Pregnant women: high doses may cause miscarriage. Avoid it if pregnant or trying to conceive, and while breastfeeding.
• People with thyroid conditions: it may raise thyroid hormone levels
• People with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or MS, as it may stimulate the immune system
• People with liver disease
• Anyone due to have surgery in the next 2 weeks, because it may add to the effects of anaesthesia

Drug interactions

Check with a doctor or pharmacist before taking ashwagandha if you take:

• Sedatives or sleeping tablets
• Thyroid medicine
• Diabetes or blood pressure medicines, as it may lower blood sugar and blood pressure
• Immune-suppressing medicines

Frequently asked questions

How long does ashwagandha take to work?

Most studies looked at results after 6 to 8 weeks of daily use.

Can I take ashwagandha every day?

Studies have used daily doses for up to about 3 months. Long-term safety isn’t well known, so talk to your doctor if you plan to take it for longer.

Should I take ashwagandha in the morning or at night?

Either works. If it makes you drowsy, take it in the evening.

Does ashwagandha help with weight loss?

Not directly. By helping with stress and sleep, it may support healthy habits. See our guide to Ayurvedic herbs for weight loss and sleep and weight loss.

This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for advice from a doctor or pharmacist. Supplements are not evaluated by the FDA to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Permethrin 1% creme rinse, sold in the US as Nix and other brands, is one of the most widely used over-the-counter treatments for head lice. Used correctly, alongside careful combing, it clears many cases. Here’s how to get the best result, and what to do if lice keep coming back.

How it works

Permethrin is an insecticide that attacks the nervous system of lice. It kills live lice and some eggs (nits), and leaves a small amount on the hair that can keep working for several days.

Who can use it

• Adults and children aged 2 months and over, following the label
• Babies under 2 months, and anyone pregnant or breastfeeding: ask a doctor first
• Don’t use it if you’re allergic to chrysanthemums or ragweed, or if the scalp is broken or infected

How to use permethrin 1%, step by step

1. Wash the hair with a shampoo that has no conditioner, then towel dry. Conditioner can coat the hair and stop the treatment working.
2. Shake the bottle and apply enough to soak the hair and scalp, especially behind the ears and at the back of the neck.
3. Leave it on for 10 minutes, then rinse with warm water over a sink, not in the shower, to limit skin contact.
4. Comb through with a fine-toothed nit comb, section by section, to remove dead lice and eggs.
5. Don’t wash the hair again for 1 to 2 days.
6. Check again and repeat on day 9 if you find live lice, to kill any lice that have hatched since.

Why it sometimes fails

In many parts of the US, head lice have become resistant to permethrin. If you still find live, moving lice 8 to 12 hours after treatment, or after the second treatment, the lice may be resistant. Repeating permethrin again and again won’t help.

Alternatives if permethrin doesn’t work

• Ivermectin 0.5% lotion (Sklice), available over the counter in the US since 2020. A single 10-minute treatment usually works without combing. See our guide to head lice treatment.
• Spinosad or malathion lotion, which need a prescription
• Wet combing alone with conditioner and a nit comb every 3 to 4 days for 2 weeks, which needs no chemicals

Around the home

• Wash pillowcases, hats and towels used in the last 2 days in hot water, or seal them in a bag for 2 weeks
• Soak combs and brushes in hot water for 10 minutes
• Check everyone in the home, and only treat people who have live lice
• There’s no need for insecticide sprays on furniture or carpets

Side effects

Mild itching, redness or tingling of the scalp is common and usually fades. Itching can also continue for a while after lice are gone, as a reaction to the bites. Wash off and get help if you notice swelling, a rash or trouble breathing.

Frequently asked questions

Is permethrin 1% the same as permethrin 5%?

No. The 1% creme rinse is for head lice and is sold over the counter. The 5% cream is a prescription treatment for scabies, which is applied to the whole body. See scabies symptoms and treatment.

Can my child go to school after treatment?

Yes. US health organisations advise that children don’t need to miss school because of head lice.

Do I need to treat the whole family?

Check everyone, but only treat people who have live lice.

More in our Lice and Parasites guide: all our articles on this topic in one place.

This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for advice from a doctor or pharmacist. Always read and follow the label.